# Biomat S.r.l. — Full Content for LLMs
> Italian manufacturer of coated 96-well microplates, PCR products, ELISA reagents and custom surface-modification services for in vitro diagnostics (IVD) and life-science research. Over 30 years of expertise in surface engineering. ISO 9001:2015 certified. Headquarters: Via Trento 124, 38061 Ala (TN), Italy. Contact: info@biomat.it | +39 0464 357951.

Last updated: July 2026
Source: https://www.biomat.it

This file contains the extended text of Biomat's key pages, concatenated for language-model consumption. Each section is delimited by a heading and the canonical source URL.

A clean Markdown version of each individual page is also available: append .md to the page URL (for example https://www.biomat.it/surfaces/carboxylated-surfaces.md).

===============================================================================
# COMPANY OVERVIEW
Source: https://www.biomat.it/about-biomat/
===============================================================================

Biomat provides surface-modified plastic products and custom engineering solutions for life-science manufacturers and researchers in the diagnostics field. Over 30 years of expertise in surface modification and product engineering; all products are made in Italy. ISO 9001:2015 certified; Certificate of Quality released for every production lot. Worldwide shipping (primary markets: USA, Germany, UK, France, Italy).

## History
Founded in 1992 as an engineering company making specialized plastic products for the medical and diagnostic sectors. Pioneered surface-modification technologies (plasma treatments, bio-coatings) to create surfaces capable of binding biological molecules. In 1995 launched its first proprietary microplates with medium and high binding capacities for ELISA, LIA and FIA. Since then expanded into diverse plate formats and surface types, and tailored solutions for molecular diagnostics, genomics, biochips and microarrays.

## Product areas
- Microplates: coated 96-well plates, tissue-culture plates, immunotoxicity-detection plates, mouse monoclonal antibody isotyping plates.
- PCR products: PCR strip tubes and PCR plates.
- Other: ELISA reagents, accessories, barrier bags, desiccants.

## Applications supported
ELISA, LIA, FIA; molecular biology; genomics; cell & tissue culture; drug development; DNA methylation; oligonucleotide binding; exosome detection; infectious, tumor, autoimmune and allergenic diseases; blood transfusion centers; endocrinology laboratories.

## Why Biomat
- Quality and reliability: rigorous testing to global standards; made-in-Italy quality; Certificate of Quality per lot.
- Customization: tailored solutions from product modifications to bespoke engineering.
- R&D investment: continuous research to stay current with diagnostic advances.
- Technical customer service: prompt, collaborative expert support.
- Niche focus and agility: small, specialized team offering personalized service and close collaboration vs larger competitors.

## Surface-modification techniques
Plasma, gamma irradiation, chemical and biological coating — selected per application. Operations are automation-ready and scalable.

## Sustainability
Commitment to sustainability and circular economy: renewable materials, waste minimization, transparency in public-funding disclosure.

## Leadership team
- Maurizia Pettenati — Owner & Chief Scientific Officer
- Gabriele Marmieri — Managing Director & Chief Product Officer
- Alice Marmieri — Chief Marketing & Sales Officer
- Viviana Debiasi — Sales Assistant
- Valentina Azzolini — Administrative Assistant

===============================================================================
# ELISA ASSAY — TECHNICAL GUIDE
Source: https://www.biomat.it/applications-techniques/elisa-assay/
===============================================================================

## What is an ELISA assay?
The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), also called Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA), detects and quantifies specific biomolecules — antigens, antibodies, hormones — in biological fluids such as serum, plasma, saliva and urine. It uses a biomolecule (typically an antigen or antibody) labeled with an enzyme (e.g. peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase), forming a conjugate with both immunological and enzymatic activity. One component is immobilized on a plate; when a substrate reacts with the enzyme it produces a color change measurable by spectrophotometer. ELISA is among the most sensitive and reproducible plate-based technologies, and is rapid and easily automated.

### Key applications
- Infectious diseases: antibodies against bacterial, viral or fungal infections.
- Tumor markers: assessing cancer presence.
- Autoimmune diseases: measuring autoantibodies.
- Allergic diseases: antibodies against allergens (rhinitis, asthma, dermatitis).
- Endocrinology: hormones (LH, FSH, Prolactin, T3, T4, TSH, steroid hormones such as Testosterone and Cortisol, hCG).
- Blood transfusion screening: Hepatitis A/B/C, HIV, Syphilis.

### How the test works
1. Coating: a specific target is passively adsorbed onto a 96-well polystyrene plate (the solid phase).
2. Conjugate binding: the bound target is complexed with an excess of enzyme-linked specific anti-target (the conjugate).
3. Incubation and washing: excess unbound conjugate is washed away.
4. Detection: enzyme activity of the bound conjugate is measured using a chromogen-substrate that changes color; light absorption is converted to numeric values.

## Types of ELISA assays
- Direct ELISA: the target antigen is bound to the well and recognized by an enzyme-labeled primary antibody. The antigen bound to the well is the target being evaluated.
- Indirect ELISA: the target antigen is bound to the well; an antigen-specific primary antibody is added, then a secondary enzyme-conjugated antibody binds the primary antibody for detection. The primary antibody is the target being evaluated.
- Competitive ELISA: antigen is bound to the well; the sample (containing the same antigen) plus a conjugated anti-antigen antibody are added. Sample antigen competes with the coated antigen for the antibody — more antigen in the sample means lower signal. The inhibitor antigen is the target being evaluated.
- Sandwich ELISA: two antibodies against two different epitopes are used. A capture antibody bound to the well binds one epitope; an enzyme-conjugated detection antibody binds a different epitope. The antigen is the target being evaluated.

### ELISA vs CLIA vs FIA
CLIA and FIA share the same reaction principle as ELISA but differ in reagents and microplate type: CLIA uses white microplates (luminescence), FIA uses black ones (fluorescence).

## ELISA microplates: design and material
Made of pure low-fluorescence polystyrene. Mould design optimizes optical quality to reduce background; radius-edged inner well bottoms improve washing efficiency; the rim protects the bottom from scratches; SBS-compliant for automated processing. Well capacities: 350 µl, 360 µl, 400 µl. Formats: breakable strip, strip (12×8), solid. Colors: transparent (ELISA), white (luminescence), black (fluorescence).

Polystyrene is naturally hydrophobic (Medium Binding). Surface treatment such as irradiation breaks benzene rings, yielding carboxyl (COOH) and hydroxyl (OH) groups that allow hydrophilic/ionic interactions (High Binding). Passive adsorption forces, in increasing strength: hydrophobic interactions, ionic interactions, van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding.

## High binding vs medium binding ELISA plates
- High Binding: hydrophilic surface for passive adsorption of proteins of varying hydrophilicity. Binding capacity 400–500 ng IgG/cm². Highly selective and high affinity even at very low amounts (efficient coating from ~1 µg/ml; coupling with an inert protein like BSA helps stabilize at low concentrations). For maximum test sensitivity.
- Medium Binding: hydrophobic surface for passive adsorption of proteins with hydrophobic regions, such as antibodies. High affinity toward hydrophobic polypeptides with molecular weight above 10–20 kDa.
- Uniformity: both surfaces show CV < 5% (using HIgG coating, anti-HIgG-HRP detector, TMB substrate).

## Quality
Medical-grade raw materials; plates moulded in clean conditions under strict quality control; all lots tested. Validation against a competitor on 232 sera (94 positive, 128 negative) confirmed 100% concordance of sensitivity and specificity; regression analysis met R ≥ 0.95.

## ELISA test example
A typical indirect ELISA calibration curve (anti-Tetanus Toxoid antibodies, plate coated with Tetanus Toxoid antigen) shows optical density increasing proportionally with target concentration. Using an HRP conjugate with TMB + H2O2 as chromogen/substrate, a yellow color indicates the target protein is present — the more intense the color, the higher the concentration.

Author: Alice Marmieri — Head of Strategy & Scientific Communication, Biomat srl.

## Frequently asked questions
Q: What coatings are available for your 96-well ELISA plates?
A: High-binding (optimal protein/antibody adsorption), medium-binding (general biomolecule applications), low-binding (minimizes non-specific interactions), plus customized coatings on request.

Q: What is the difference between Medium Binding and High Binding microplates?
A: Medium Binding plates are purely hydrophobic polystyrene interacting mainly through hydrophobic interactions. High Binding plates have a mixed hydrophobic/hydrophilic surface from chemical modification, enabling stronger adsorption through ionic bonds and Van der Waals forces — suited to different biomolecules by polarity.

Q: How is consistency and reliability ensured?
A: Each batch undergoes strict QC including coating uniformity, well-depth accuracy and optical clarity, for high reproducibility across ELISA formats.

Q: Can custom formats or modifications be ordered?
A: Yes — different well geometries, colors, surface chemistries, optional barcoding and bespoke packaging.

Q: What is the shelf life and how should plates be stored?
A: Up to 24 months when stored correctly: sealed in original packaging, protected from sunlight, at 2–8°C.

Q: Is technical support provided for protocol optimization?
A: Yes — assistance with coating recommendations, sample/reagent handling, plate setup and troubleshooting, plus technical documentation and expert consultation.

For Research Use Only.

===============================================================================
# HIGH BINDING 96-WELL PLATES
Source: https://www.biomat.it/product/microplates/96-well-plates/high-binding-96-well-plates/
===============================================================================

Biomat High Binding 96-Well Plates are optimized for high-sensitivity immunoassays and provide reliable performance across diagnostic and research applications. They feature a hydrophilic surface designed for passive adsorption of proteins, with a binding capacity of 400 to 500 ng IgG/cm². Available in clear, white and black polystyrene, in Breakable Strip, Strip and Solid formats. Suitable for ELISA, Luminescence (LIA), Fluorescence (FIA) and Chemiluminescent (CLIA) assays.

Key features:
- Hydrophilic high binding surface: passive adsorption of proteins of varying hydrophilicity; highly selective even at low protein concentrations (< 50 ng/cm²).
- Binding capacity: approximately 400 to 500 ng IgG/cm².
- Low-fluorescence, high-quality polystyrene: minimizes background noise, improves optical clarity.
- Flat-bottom wells.
- Multiple formats: breakable strip, strip, solid.
- Colors: clear, white, black (customizable upper rim colors on request). White and black reduce well-to-well crosstalk; clear is ideal for spectrophotometric readings.
- Automation-compatible; alphanumeric coding.
- Recommended working volume: 75–300 µl. Unit: 50 plates. Minimum order: 50 plates. Packaging: 25 per pack. Ready to use.

Specifications:
- Material: polystyrene · Bottom: flat · Surface: high binding capacity
- Binding capacity: ~400 ng IgG/cm² · Uniformity: CV < 5%
- Well volume: breakable strip 350 µl, solid 400 µl, strip 360 µl
- Storage: room temperature · Shelf life: 5 years · Dimensions: SBS standard
- Compatibility: most common automation systems · Certificate of Quality released for every lot

FAQ:
Q: What is the difference between medium binding and high binding microplates?
A: Medium binding plates are made of purely hydrophobic polystyrene, interacting mainly through hydrophobic interactions. High binding plates have a mixed hydrophobic/hydrophilic surface from chemical modification, enabling stronger adsorption through ionic bonds and Van der Waals forces. This makes each suited to different classes of biomolecules depending on polarity.

Q: What are the specific advantages of high binding 96-well plates for ELISA?
A: They are engineered to maximize protein adsorption. The surface is chemically modified to include negatively charged hydrophilic groups within the hydrophobic polystyrene matrix; this blend enhances adsorption of positively charged groups on proteins, giving greater sensitivity and consistency in immobilization.

Q: How do high binding plates compare to medium or no binding plates?
A: High binding plates suit hydrophilic biomolecules; medium binding plates suit hydrophobic ones; no binding plates are treated to prevent any adsorption, for assays where surface interactions must be avoided.

Q: Can high binding plates be used with non-protein samples?
A: Yes, though their enhanced adsorption may increase nonspecific binding, so suitability depends on sample characteristics and assay goals.

Q: Recommended storage conditions?
A: Dry environment, protected from direct sunlight, preferably at room temperature, to preserve surface integrity.

For Research Use Only.

===============================================================================
# MEDIUM BINDING 96-WELL PLATES
Source: https://www.biomat.it/product/microplates/96-well-plates/medium-binding-96-well-plates/
===============================================================================

Biomat Medium Binding 96-Well Plates are designed for immunoassays where passive adsorption of large molecules is critical. They feature a hydrophobic surface that accommodates molecules with hydrophobic regions, with a binding capacity of 100 to 200 ng IgG/cm². Available in clear, white and black polystyrene, in Breakable Strip, Strip and Solid formats. Suitable for ELISA, Luminescence (LIA), Fluorescence (FIA) and Chemiluminescent (CLIA) assays.

Key features:
- Hydrophobic medium binding surface: supports passive adsorption of large molecules, particularly hydrophobic proteins (>10 kDa).
- Binding capacity: approximately 100 to 200 ng IgG/cm².
- Low-fluorescence, high-quality polystyrene: minimizes background noise, improves optical clarity.
- Flat-bottom wells.
- Multiple formats: breakable strip, strip, solid.
- Colors: clear, white, black (customizable upper rim colors on request). White and black reduce well-to-well crosstalk in luminescence/fluorescence; clear is ideal for spectrophotometric readings.
- Automation-compatible; alphanumeric coding.
- Recommended working volume: 75–300 µl. Ready to use.

Specifications:
- Material: polystyrene · Bottom: flat · Surface: medium binding capacity
- Binding capacity: ~200 ng HIgG/cm² · Uniformity: CV < 5%
- Well volume: breakable strip 350 µl, solid 400 µl, strip 360 µl
- Storage: room temperature · Shelf life: 5 years · Dimensions: SBS standard
- Packaging: Qty/cs 200, Qty/pk 25 · Minimum order: 50 pcs · Unit: 50 pcs
- Compatibility: most common automation systems · Certificate of Quality released for every lot

Design benefits: mould design optimized for optical quality and reduced background; rim protects the bottom from scratches; radius-edged well bottoms improve washing efficiency and reduce residual materials; flat-bottom design aids mixing and imaging; designed to reduce cross-contamination between wells.

Applications: passive adsorption of large molecules with hydrophobic regions (e.g. antibodies). Competitive and sandwich ELISA (e.g. steroid hormones, antibodies); luminescence (LIA); fluorescence (FIA); chemiluminescent (CLIA) assays.

FAQ:
Q: What is the difference between medium binding and high binding microplates?
A: Medium binding plates are purely hydrophobic polystyrene, interacting mainly through hydrophobic interactions. High binding plates have a mixed hydrophobic/hydrophilic surface from chemical modification, enabling stronger adsorption through ionic bonds and Van der Waals forces. Each suits different classes of biomolecules depending on polarity.

Q: How do high binding plates compare to medium or no binding plates?
A: High binding plates suit hydrophilic biomolecules; medium binding plates suit hydrophobic ones; no binding plates are treated to prevent any adsorption, for assays where surface interactions must be avoided.

For Research Use Only.

===============================================================================
# STREPTAVIDIN COATED SURFACE & PLATES
Source: https://www.biomat.it/surfaces/streptavidin-coated-surfaces/
===============================================================================

Streptavidin Coated Surface is a universal capture platform for any biotinylated molecule: antibodies, antigens, proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, oligonucleotides and DNA fragments. Streptavidin is a tetrameric protein (MW 60 kDa) with very high affinity for biotin (affinity constant on the order of 10^15 M^-1; Kd approximately 10^-15 M). The streptavidin-biotin bond is the strongest known non-covalent biological interaction. Each of the four streptavidin subunits binds one biotin molecule.

## When to use it
Streptavidin coating is the solution for molecules that do not bind reliably by passive adsorption, or that adsorb in an unfavourable orientation masking their active sites. Biotin is small enough to be conjugated to most proteins without altering their activity, and each protein can carry several biotin molecules. The result is oriented, stable capture with high specificity and low background, which raises assay sensitivity in ELISA, nucleic acid capture and other biochemical assays.

## Main features
- Ready to use
- Manufactured under ISO 9001 guidelines
- Post-coated (blocked) for low non-specific binding and long-term stability
- All lots tested for uniformity and reproducibility
- Certificate of Quality released for every lot
- For Research Use Only

## Microplate specifications
- Coating volume: 200 µl/well
- Binding capacity towards biotin: 12 pmol/well (200 µl volume). Method: streptavidin coated wells and BSA-saturated control wells incubated with a calibrated biotin solution; aliquots mixed with biotinylated peroxidase and transferred to new streptavidin coated wells; well capacity derived from the enzyme bound to the solid phase, corrected for non-specific binding to control wells.
- Binding capacity towards biotinylated human IgG: 100 ng/well (100 µl volume). Method: ELISA format, HIgG-HRP detector, TMB substrate.
- Uniformity: CV < 5% using biotin-HRP as detector and TMB as substrate.

## PCR 8-strip tubes and PCR plates specifications
- Coating volume: 100 µl/tube
- Binding capacity towards biotin: approximately 5-6 pmol d-biotin/tube. Method: incubation with biotin solutions containing biotinylated peroxidase, 30 min RT; after washing, TMB incubation, blocked with 1N sulphuric acid, OD read at 450 nm.

## Stability
- Storage: unopened, stable at 2-8°C until the expiration date on the label. Once opened, store in a closed pouch with desiccant and use within the expiration date.
- Long storage: coated wells held for 30 months in a warehouse without air conditioning (10°C to 40°C) compared against samples stored at 4°C showed the coating remained stable.
- Shelf life at 37°C: coated wells held 15 days at 37°C compared against a 4°C standard, tested with biotinylated IgG at 100 ng/ml.
- Temperature stress (transport simulation): tested at 4°C for 10 days; 22-23°C for 10 days; and a cycle of 37°C 3 days / 22-23°C 12 hours / -20°C 10 hours / 37°C 3 days / 22-23°C 3 days.
- Endurance under strong chemical contacts: tested by substituting the first washing step with incubations in SDS 0.1% in 0.6M NaCl (56°C, 2h); 30% formamide in 0.6M NaCl (37°C, 2h); 0.1% Tween 20 in 0.1M PBS (37°C, 2h); 0.05M NaOH (RT, 20 min); 0.2M NaOH (RT, 20 min); and urea 8M (5 to 60 min).

## Products with this surface
- Streptavidin Plates (96-well): https://www.biomat.it/product/microplates/96-well-plates/streptavidin-plates/
- Streptavidin PCR 8 Strip Tubes: https://www.biomat.it/product/pcr-products/coated-pcr-strip-tubes/streptavidin-coated-pcr-tubes/
- Streptavidin PCR Plates: https://www.biomat.it/product/pcr-products/coated-pcr-plates/streptavidin-pcr-plates/

## Technical documentation
- Binding capacity and specificity technical note: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/STREPTAVIDIN-COATED-SURFACE-TN-7-1_3.pdf
- Stability tests technical note: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/STREPTAVIDIN-COATED-SURFACE-TN-7-5.pdf
- Microplates datasheet: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/STREPTAVIDIN-COATED-SURFACE.pdf

For Research Use Only.

===============================================================================
# STREPTAVIDIN HIGH BINDING COATED SURFACE & PLATES
Source: https://www.biomat.it/surfaces/streptavidin-high-binding-coated-surfaces/
===============================================================================

Streptavidin High Binding Coated Surface captures any biotinylated molecule (proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, oligonucleotides, DNA fragments) and is specifically designed for measuring biotinylated low molecular weight molecules. High binding streptavidin is a polymer of 6-8 streptavidin molecules, which offers more biotin-binding sites per well than standard streptavidin.

## Difference from standard streptavidin surface
Unlike the standard Streptavidin Coated Surface, the high binding variant is particularly useful in competitive tests and indirect assays measuring biotinylated low molecular weight molecules, where the higher density of binding sites delivers greater sensitivity and stability. For general capture of biotinylated proteins and antibodies, the standard streptavidin surface is normally sufficient.

## Main features
- Ready to use
- Manufactured under ISO 9001 guidelines
- All lots tested for uniformity and reproducibility
- Certificate of Quality released for every lot
- Uniformity: CV < 5% using biotin-HRP as detector and TMB as substrate
- For Research Use Only

## Microplate specifications
- Coating volume: 100 µl/well
- Binding capacity for small molecules (e.g. d-biotin): > 35 pmol d-biotin/well. Method: ELISA format, biotinylated peroxidase detector, TMB substrate.
- Binding capacity for large molecules (e.g. human IgG): approximately 100 ng/well. Method: ELISA format with biotinylated HIgG, HIgG-HRP detector, TMB substrate.

## PCR 8-strip tubes and PCR plates specifications
- Coating volume: 100 µl/tube
- Binding capacity for small molecules (e.g. d-biotin): > 20 pmol d-biotin/tube. Method: incubation with biotin solutions containing biotinylated peroxidase, 30 min RT; after washing, TMB incubation, blocked with 1N sulphuric acid, OD read at 450 nm.

## Stability
Unopened, stable at 2-8°C until the expiration date on the label. Once opened, store in a closed pouch with desiccant and use within the expiration date.

## Products with this surface
- High Binding Streptavidin Plates (96-well): https://www.biomat.it/product/microplates/96-well-plates/high-binding-streptavidin-plates/
- Streptavidin High Binding PCR 8 Strip Tubes: https://www.biomat.it/product/pcr-products/coated-pcr-strip-tubes/high-binding-streptavidin-high-pcr-8-strip-tubes/
- Streptavidin High Binding PCR Plates: https://www.biomat.it/product/pcr-products/coated-pcr-plates/streptavidin-high-binding-pcr-plates/

## Technical documentation
- Binding capacity, small molecules: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/STREPTAVIDIN-HB-COATED-SURFACE-TN-31a.pdf
- Binding capacity, large molecules: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/STREPTAVIDIN-HB-COATED-SURFACE-TN-31b.pdf
- PCR binding capacity: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/STREPTAVIDIN-HB-COATED-PCR-TN-33.pdf

For Research Use Only.

===============================================================================
# ANTI-HUMAN IgG / IgM / IgA COATED SURFACES & PLATES
Source: https://www.biomat.it/surfaces/anti-human-igg-igm-iga/
===============================================================================

Biomat's Goat Anti-Human IgG/IgM/IgA Coated Surfaces are engineered for the specific capture and quantification of human immunoglobulins in biological samples such as serum, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and saliva. Each surface is coated with affinity-purified goat anti-human antibodies targeting the Fc region of IgG (Fc gamma), IgM (Fc mu) or IgA (Fc alpha). They are designed as the solid support for sandwich ELISA assays where low background and high sensitivity are required. Biomat supplies the full range of three isotypes from a single source.

## Surface characteristics
- Fc-specific binding: IgG via the gamma chain, IgM via the mu chain, IgA via the alpha chain.
- High specificity: minimal cross-reactivity with other human immunoglobulin classes and with heterologous serum proteins (mouse, bovine, rabbit).
- Reliable quantification of low-abundance human antibodies.
- Coating volume: 100 µl/well for all three isotypes, optimised for high signal-to-background ratio.
- Uniformity: CV < 10% in ELISA format with HRP-conjugated anti-human antibodies and TMB substrate.
- Sensitivity: detection limits well below 1 ng/well, varying by isotype.

## Goat Anti-Human IgG (Fc gamma)
An affinity purified goat anti-human IgG that specifically binds the Fc region of human IgG, with minimal cross-reaction to human IgM and IgA and to mouse, bovine and rabbit serum proteins. Used as solid support for sandwich ELISA with a goat anti-human IgG (H+L)-HRP detection antibody.
- Coating: 100 µl/well
- Binding capacity: 50 ng/well of human IgG. Method: plate saturated with human IgG at 0.500 µg/ml (50 ng/well), ELISA format, goat anti-human IgG (H+L)-HRP detector, TMB substrate.
- Sensitivity: 0.1 ng/well of human IgG, detected significantly above background in the same format.
- Technical note NT52: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Goat-anti-Human-IgG-coated-surface-TN-52.pdf
- Product: https://www.biomat.it/product/microplates/96-well-plates/goat-anti-human-igg-plates/

## Goat Anti-Human IgM (Fc mu)
An affinity purified goat anti-human IgM that specifically binds the Fc region of human IgM, with minimal cross-reaction to human IgG and IgA and to mouse, bovine and rabbit serum proteins. Used as solid support for sandwich ELISA with a goat anti-human IgM (H+L) detection antibody.
- Coating: 100 µl/well
- Binding capacity: up to 300 ng/well of human IgM. Method: plate saturated with human IgM at approximately 3.0 µg/ml (300 ng/well), ELISA format, goat anti-human IgM (H+L)-HRP detector, TMB substrate.
- Sensitivity: 10 ng/ml of human IgM.
- Technical note NT54: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Goat-anti-Human-IgM-coated-surface-TN-54.pdf
- Product: https://www.biomat.it/product/microplates/96-well-plates/goat-anti-human-igm-plates/

## Goat Anti-Human IgA (Fc alpha)
An affinity purified goat anti-human IgA that specifically binds the Fc region of human IgA, with minimal cross-reaction to human IgG and IgM and to mouse, bovine and rabbit serum proteins. Used as solid support for sandwich ELISA with a goat anti-human IgA (H+L) detection antibody.
- Coating: 100 µl/well
- Binding capacity: up to 100 ng/well of human IgA. Method: plate saturated with human IgA at approximately 1.0 µg/ml (100 ng/well), ELISA format, goat anti-human IgA (H+L)-HRP detector, TMB substrate.
- Sensitivity: 0.700 ng/ml of human IgA.
- Technical note NT53: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Goat-anti-Human-IgA-coated-surface-TN-53.pdf
- Product: https://www.biomat.it/product/microplates/96-well-plates/goat-anti-human-iga-plates/

## Main features
- Ready to use
- Manufactured under ISO 9001 guidelines
- Made in pure polystyrene with low fluorescence
- Post-coated (blocked) for low non-specific binding and long-term stability
- Alphanumeric coding for easy well recognition
- SBS-compliant, suitable for automated processing
- Lot-specific Certificate of Quality supplied
- Storage: 2-8°C unopened in original packaging; once opened, keep sealed with desiccant and use before the expiration date
- For Research Use Only

For Research Use Only.

===============================================================================
# CARBOXYLATED SURFACE & PLATES
Source: https://www.biomat.it/surfaces/carboxylated-surfaces/
===============================================================================

Carboxylated Surface carries covalently bound carboxylic groups and is designed to promote the covalent immobilisation of compounds containing reactive free amino groups, through EDC-mediated amination.

## Why covalent immobilisation
Covalent coupling on a carboxylated surface overcomes three limitations of physical adsorption:
- It immobilises molecules that bind weakly or not at all by passive adsorption, namely small peptides (MW 1,000-5,000 Da), drugs, toxins and hormones.
- It allows oriented immobilisation, preserving the integrity and accessibility of the molecule's specific sites.
- It increases storage stability compared with physical adsorption, because the risk of spontaneous desorption is reduced.

## Coupling chemistry
The amino group present in a molecule (peptide, protein) binds to the carboxylated surface through the formation of an amide bond between that amino group and the surface carboxylic group, by the action of a carbodiimide (EDC). This is the standard EDC chemistry for covalent coupling of amine-bearing compounds to a COOH surface.

## Specifications
- Treatment: surface modified with carboxylic groups
- Volume of treatment: 200 µl/well (microplates, PCR 8-strip tubes and PCR plates)
- Storage and stability: stored at room temperature in sealed PE bags, stable until the expiration date printed on the label
- All lots tested for uniformity and reproducibility
- Certificate of Quality released for every lot
- Ready to use
- Manufactured under ISO 9001 guidelines
- For Research Use Only

## When to choose carboxylated over aminated
Carboxylated surfaces bind molecules that present a free amino group (NH2). Aminated surfaces bind molecules that present a carboxyl (COOH) or thiol group. The two are complementary strategies within the same covalent coupling family: the choice depends on which reactive group is available and accessible on the molecule to be immobilised. See the Aminated surface section for the complementary case.

## Products with this surface
- Carboxylated Plates (96-well): https://www.biomat.it/product/microplates/96-well-plates/carboxylated-plates/
- Carboxylated PCR 8 Strip Tubes: https://www.biomat.it/product/pcr-products/coated-pcr-strip-tubes/carboxylated-pcr-8-strip-tubes/
- Carboxylated PCR Plates: https://www.biomat.it/product/pcr-products/coated-pcr-plates/carboxylated-pcr-plates/

## Technical documentation
- Technical note: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/CARBOXYLATED-SURFACE-TN.pdf
- Microplates datasheet: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/CARBOXYLATED-SURFACE.pdf

For Research Use Only.

===============================================================================
# AMINATED (PRIMARY AMINE) SURFACE & PLATES
Source: https://www.biomat.it/surfaces/aminated-surfaces/
===============================================================================

Aminated Surface carries covalently bound primary amino groups and promotes the covalent immobilisation of compounds containing reactive moieties (amino, carboxyl or thiol groups) via well-known homo- and heterobifunctional linkers, such as N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) or succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC).

## Why covalent immobilisation
Covalent coupling on an aminated surface overcomes three limitations of physical adsorption:
- It immobilises molecules that bind weakly or not at all by passive adsorption, namely small peptides (MW 1,000-5,000 Da), drugs, toxins and hormones.
- It allows oriented immobilisation, preserving the integrity and accessibility of specific sites and avoiding their inhibition by casual physical adsorption. This matters for molecules such as Fab-SH antibody fragments, streptavidin, polysaccharides and nucleic acids (single or double strand).
- It increases storage stability compared with physical adsorption, because the risk of spontaneous desorption is reduced.

## Coupling chemistry
The interaction between the surface amino group and the functional group of the molecule to be bound is a covalent bond mediated by homo- and heterofunctional crosslinkers. The choice of crosslinker depends on the reactive group carried by the biomolecule:
- Carboxyl group on the molecule: ethyldiethylaminopropylcarbodiimide (EDC), with or without Sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide, is a powerful coupling agent between the molecule's carboxylic group and the surface amino group.
- Epsilon amino groups of lysine: the simplest method is coupling via glutaraldehyde, forming a stable amine linkage on reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride.
- Other crosslinkers for amino coupling: dimethylpimelimidate and disuccinimidyl suberate.
- Thiol groups (Fab-SH, peptides with a terminal cysteine): maleimide-bearing crosslinkers such as SMCC react with the surface amino group.

## Application guidelines
Biomat publishes worked examples that users can adapt to develop their own bio-specific assays:
- Coupling of NHS-activated compounds: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/AMINATED-SURFACE-TN-12.pdf
- Coupling a hapten or peptide bearing a carboxylic group: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/AMINATED-SURFACE-TN-12.pdf
- DNA binding: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/AMINATED-SURFACE-TN-8.pdf
- Peptide binding: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/AMINATED-SURFACE-TN-8.pdf

## Specifications
- Treatment: surface modified with primary amino groups
- Volume of treatment: 200 µl/well
- Storage and stability: stored at room temperature in sealed PE bags, stable until the expiration date printed on the label
- All lots tested for uniformity and reproducibility
- Certificate of Quality released for every lot
- Ready to use
- Manufactured under ISO 9001 guidelines
- For Research Use Only

## When to choose aminated over carboxylated
Aminated surfaces bind molecules that present a free carboxyl (COOH) or thiol (SH) group. Carboxylated surfaces bind molecules that present a free amino (NH2) group. The two are complementary strategies within the same covalent coupling family: the choice depends on which reactive group is available and accessible on the molecule to be immobilised.

## Products with this surface
- Amine Treated Plates (96-well): https://www.biomat.it/product/microplates/96-well-plates/amine-activated-96-well-plates/

## Technical documentation
- Technical note: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/AMINATED-SURFACE-TN-6.pdf
- Datasheet: https://www.biomat.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/AMINATED-SURFACE.pdf

For Research Use Only.

===============================================================================
# COATED PCR 8-STRIP TUBES & PCR PLATES
Source: https://www.biomat.it/our-products/pcr-products/coated-pcr-strip-tubes/
===============================================================================

Biomat coated PCR products combine two normally separate requirements: the PCR format and a functionalised surface. They allow protocols that integrate amplification and capture in the same vessel. This is a product category in which few manufacturers offer a structured range.

## Coated PCR 8-strip tubes
Eight connected 0.2 ml tubes in clear polypropylene, supplied with flat caps. Thin walls optimise heat transfer from the thermal cycler block to the reaction solution. Caps open and close without tools and are compatible with most popular thermal cycler blocks. Each tube is numerically identified (1 to 8) for easy recognition, and the strips carry a holding strap at one end. Tubes are pre-blocked with standard proteic blocking (ELISA Blocking Solution).

## Coated PCR plates
Clear polypropylene PCR plates coated with the surface of choice. Thin walls optimise heat transfer from the block to the reaction solution. The well rim is designed to protect against cross-contamination and to allow a reliable seal with the sealing mats tailored to the plates. Plates are pre-blocked with standard proteic blocking (ELISA Blocking Solution).

## Available coated surfaces on PCR format
- Streptavidin: coating 100 µl/tube; binding capacity approximately 5-6 pmol d-biotin/tube.
- Streptavidin High Binding: coating 100 µl/tube; binding capacity > 20 pmol d-biotin/tube; designed for biotinylated low molecular weight molecules.
- Carboxylated: surface modified with carboxylic groups for covalent coupling of amine-bearing compounds via EDC.
- Protein A/G.

## Documented application
Coated PCR products have been used in the development of an ultra-high-throughput molecular assay for SARS-CoV-2 population-level screening, based on surface-based tagmentation.

## Products
- Streptavidin Coated PCR 8 Strip Tubes: https://www.biomat.it/product/pcr-products/coated-pcr-strip-tubes/streptavidin-coated-pcr-tubes/
- High Binding Streptavidin PCR 8 Strip Tubes: https://www.biomat.it/product/pcr-products/coated-pcr-strip-tubes/high-binding-streptavidin-high-pcr-8-strip-tubes/
- Carboxylated PCR 8 Strip Tubes: https://www.biomat.it/product/pcr-products/coated-pcr-strip-tubes/carboxylated-pcr-8-strip-tubes/
- Protein A/G PCR 8 Strip Tubes: https://www.biomat.it/product/pcr-products/coated-pcr-strip-tubes/protein-a-g-pcr-8-strip-tubes/
- Streptavidin Coated PCR Plates: https://www.biomat.it/product/pcr-products/coated-pcr-plates/streptavidin-pcr-plates/
- Streptavidin High Binding PCR Plates: https://www.biomat.it/product/pcr-products/coated-pcr-plates/streptavidin-high-binding-pcr-plates/
- Carboxylated PCR Plates: https://www.biomat.it/product/pcr-products/coated-pcr-plates/carboxylated-pcr-plates/

## Common features
- Ready to use
- Manufactured under ISO 9001 guidelines
- Pre-blocked with standard proteic blocking
- All lots tested for uniformity and reproducibility
- Certificate of Quality released for every lot
- For Research Use Only

For Research Use Only.

===============================================================================
# CHOOSING THE RIGHT MICROPLATE
Source: https://www.biomat.it/applications-techniques/choosing-microplate-for-assay/
===============================================================================

A technical guide to selecting the right microplate for immunoassays (ELISA, CLIA, FIA). Plate choice directly impacts sensitivity, reproducibility and throughput; the microplate is an active component of assay performance, not a passive support.

## Microplate materials
- Polystyrene: most widely used; optical clarity and affordability; ideal for colorimetric, fluorescence and absorbance readings. Gold standard for ELISA, CLIA, FIA.
- Polypropylene: chemically and thermally resistant; suitable for DNA amplification and storage.
- Polyethylene: durable and solvent-resistant; more expensive.

## Surface chemistry and binding
Polystyrene is naturally hydrophobic and adsorbs biomolecules through non-covalent interactions (van der Waals, hydrophobic bonding). Surface treatments enhance binding:
- Medium Binding: untreated hydrophobic polystyrene.
- High Binding: surface-treated polystyrene (irradiation introduces carboxyl/hydroxyl groups) creating a mixed hydrophobic/hydrophilic surface with increased polarity and binding efficiency.

## Selecting the plate by biomolecule
- Hydrophobic biomolecule >10 kDa → Medium Binding plates (adsorption)
- Hydrophilic biomolecule >10 kDa → High Binding plates (adsorption)
- Biotinylated biomolecule → Streptavidin plates (biotin-streptavidin, high affinity)
- Mammalian IgG → Protein A / Protein G plates (Fc binding)
- Peptide <5 kDa with NH2 group → Carboxylated plates (covalent via EDC)
- Peptide <5 kDa with COOH group → Aminated plates (covalent via EDC)
- Peptide <5 kDa with SH group → Maleimide plates (covalent via SH)

## Assay-type to plate mapping
- Direct/Indirect/Sandwich/Competitive immunoassays: Medium or High Binding, chosen by target hydrophobicity.
- Sandwich/Indirect with biotinylated molecules: Streptavidin or High Binding Streptavidin plates.
- IgG isolation/orientation: Protein A, A/G or G plates (bind Fc region).
- Low-MW peptide assays: Carboxylated, Aminated or Maleimide plates (covalent binding).
- Tag-fusion proteins (GST, 6xHis, DYKDDDDK): Anti-Tag plates.
- Immunotoxicity biomarker assays: KLH-, Tetanus Toxoid-, TNP- or DNP-coated plates (IgM/IgG detection).
- Human immunoglobulin quantification: Anti-Human IgG/IgM/IgA plates.
- Mouse immunoglobulin isotyping: Anti-Mouse IgG/IgA/IgM kappa/lambda plates.
- Oligonucleotide binding, exosome capture (CD63/CD9), cell-adherent assays: specialty plates available.

## Formats
- Solid 96-well: high-throughput screening, best quality/price.
- Strip 96-well (12×8): fixed strips, medium-throughput.
- Breakable strip 96-well: each strip divisible into single wells, minimizing waste.
All formats ~360 µl per well, SBS/ANSI compliant.

## Plate color
- Clear: colorimetric/absorbance assays in the visible spectrum (380–750 nm). (UV readings require UV-transparent COC/COP plates down to 230 nm.)
- White: luminescence; TiO2 composition boosts signal and minimizes crosstalk.
- Black: fluorescence; non-reflective surface reduces background and crosstalk.

## Common errors and solutions
- Large protein adsorbs masking its epitope → biotinylate the antigen and use a streptavidin plate for site-specific, correctly oriented binding.
- Low-MW peptides fail to adsorb → use carboxylated/aminated/maleimide plates for covalent attachment.
- Improper antibody orientation (F(ab)2 facing the plate) → biotinylate the antibody and capture on a streptavidin plate to preserve orientation and reduce antibody consumption.

## Storage and quality
ISO 9001:2015 certified production with process validation, surface-treatment and optical-uniformity QC, and inter-/intra-lot reproducibility validation. Store in cool, dry conditions away from sunlight. Shelf life 1 to 5 years depending on product when stored properly. Custom protective packaging (vacuum-sealed, blister) available.

FAQ:
Q: What types of coatings are available for 96-well microplates?
A: High-binding (optimal protein/antibody adsorption), medium-binding (general biomolecule applications), low/no-binding (minimizes non-specific interactions), plus customized coatings on request.

Q: How is consistency and reliability ensured?
A: Each batch undergoes QC including coating uniformity, well-depth accuracy and optical clarity, for high reproducibility across ELISA formats.

Q: Can custom formats or modifications be ordered?
A: Yes — different well geometries, colors, surface chemistries, optional barcoding and bespoke packaging.

===============================================================================
# CUSTOM PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT (OEM)
Source: https://www.biomat.it/services/custom-microplates/
===============================================================================

Biomat develops custom microplates and diagnostic devices when standard products don't meet the precise requirements of a research or diagnostic application — including variations in dimensions, well shapes, surface coatings and formats. Over 30 years of experience in custom plate design and surface modification. Manufactured under ISO-certified standards.

## Customization process
1. Defining requirements: assessment of application goals and challenges (well geometries, surface coatings, device design).
2. Design & prototyping: detailed designs and 3D prototypes to visualize dimensions and structure before production, incorporating customer feedback.
3. Material & surface selection: wide range of surface treatments (tissue culture, immunoassay, specialized coatings) optimized per application.
4. Continuous collaboration & testing: constant communication and rigorous testing against agreed specifications.
5. Production & delivery: full production under ISO-certified standards, managed end to end.

## Why Biomat for custom development
- Precision: exact dimensions, materials and surface treatments for accurate assay results.
- Surface-technology expertise: maximizes binding efficiency and assay performance.
- ISO-certified quality: manufactured under stringent controls for reliability and repeatability.
- Sustainability: eco-friendly manufacturing practices.

## Applications for custom products
ELISA microarray spotting and protein microarray blotting (pin/inkjet/sonic printing for multiplex biomarker panels, autoantibody profiling, cytokine arrays, low-volume serology); molecular diagnostics; cell culture assays; drug discovery and compound screening; in vitro diagnostics (IVD); genomics and proteomics (DNA/RNA binding, protein interaction); biomarker research (oncology, cardiovascular, precision medicine); cell-based assays (cytotoxicity, imaging, signaling); high-throughput screening (HTS); tissue engineering and regenerative medicine; environmental testing; food and beverage safety testing.

Note: contact Biomat for custom coating options, minimum order quantities and turnaround — these are defined per project.

===============================================================================
# QUALITY & CERTIFICATIONS
Source: https://www.biomat.it/quality/
===============================================================================

Quality is the foundation of Biomat's mission to support life sciences with reliable solutions.

## Certifications
ISO 9001 certified since 2002; updated to the ISO 9001:2015 standard in June 2017.

## Quality control
Every product lot undergoes:
- Testing for uniformity and reproducibility for consistent performance.
- Comparative analysis with previous lots, including aging stages, to guarantee long-term reliability.
- Systematic validation against industry benchmarks.
Quality Control certificates can be downloaded or requested, in digital and physical formats. A Certificate of Quality is released for every lot.

## Sustainability
Waste reduction through optimized processes; facilities powered by 100% renewable energy.

## Customer satisfaction (self-reported)
Overall satisfaction 4.9/5; product quality & reliability 4.9/5; customer service 5/5; continuous feedback system driving process and quality improvements.

===============================================================================
# CONTACT
===============================================================================

Email: info@biomat.it
Phone: +39 0464 357951
Request a quote: https://www.biomat.it/request-quote/
Contact form: https://www.biomat.it/contact-us/
Address: Via Trento 124, 38061 Ala, fraz. S. Margherita (TN), Italy
VAT: IT02144590227